In 2014, Moscow Irish Week was celebrated from 12 to 23 March, which includes Saint Patrick's Day on 17 March. [185], Some[who?] [99], Christian denominations in Great Britain observing his feast day include The Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church. Today I can offer him sacrifice with confidence, giving myself as a living victim to Christ, my Lord, who kept me safe through all my trials. St Patrick's Day itself, however, has been celebrated in Montreal since as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France. In 1997, it became a three-day event, and by 2000 it was a four-day event. [23][24][25], Irish Government Ministers travel abroad on official visits to various countries around the globe to celebrate Saint Patrick's Day and promote Ireland. The festival includes an Irish Market based at the city's town hall which flies the Irish tricolour opposite the Union Flag, a large parade as well as a large number of cultural and learning events throughout the two-week period. This event, which includes a parade, occurs each year during the weekend nearest St Patrick's Day.[138]. The procession comprised the Mayor and members of Waterford Corporation, the Trades Hall, the various trade unions and bands who included the 'Barrack St Band' and the 'Thomas Francis Meagher Band'. [139] There is a large parade in the city's downtown on the Sunday before 17 March. After some years he returned to his family and entered the church, like his father and grandfather before him. Liverpool has the highest proportion of residents with Irish ancestry of any English city. Until the late 20th century, Saint Patrick's Day was often a bigger celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland.[15]. In the mid-1990s the government of the Republic of Ireland began a campaign to use St Patrick's Day to showcase Ireland and its culture. James Connolly would later describe this flag. [176][177], Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have been criticised, particularly for their association with public drunkenness and disorderly conduct. Celebrations of St. Patrick's Day take place all around the world on March 17th and the fun and feasting naturally centers around delicious Irish food—and not just the ubiquitous corned beef and cabbage. [85] Since the end of the conflict in 1998 there have been cross-community St Patrick's Day parades in towns throughout Northern Ireland, which have attracted thousands of spectators.[85]. The Irish diaspora in Malta continued to celebrate the feast annually. [175] However, this rapidly evolved from the late 1860s onwards to include holding parades with pipe bands and marching children wearing green, sporting events, concerts, balls and other social events, where people displayed their Irishness with pride. Today it is one of the largest celebrations in the world. St. Patrick’s Day: Parade, Facts & Traditions - HISTORY - HISTORY He questioned the need for "mindless alcohol-fuelled revelry" and concluded that "it is time to bring the piety and the fun together".[92]. London, since 2002, has had an annual Saint Patrick's Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th, usually in Trafalgar Square. According to popular legend, St Patrick rid Ireland of snakes. [39], The first association of the colour green with Ireland is from the 11th century pseudo-historical book Lebor Gabála Érenn (The Book of the Taking of Ireland), which forms part of the Mythological Cycle in Irish Mythology and describes the story of Goídel Glas who is credited as the eponymous ancestor of the Gaels and creator of the Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx). [32][33], On Saint Patrick's Day, it is customary to wear shamrocks, green clothing or green accessories. (17 March 2018). Perhaps because of this, drinking alcohol – particularly Irish whiskey, beer, or cider – has become an integral part of the celebrations. Over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland's foremost saint. Six Nations: Ireland beat England 24–15 to win Grand Slam. [21][22], Christians may also attend church services,[7][9] and the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol are lifted for the day. The festival has hosted numerous Irish artists, filmmakers, theatre directors and musicians such as Conor Horgan, Ailis Ni Riain, Dermot Dunne, Mick Moloney, Chloë Agnew and others. (16 March 2018). He later returned to Ireland as a missionary and worked in the north and west of the country. Saint Patrick’s Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick (Lá Fhéile Pádraig), honors the life of Saint Patrick, while also celebrating Irish culture in North America as a whole. However, over time, many of the parades have become more akin to a carnival. [8] Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services[7][9] and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption. [36][37] Patricia Monaghan says there is no evidence that the shamrock was sacred to the pagan Irish. Born in 1558, Wadding died in Rome on 1657 and his remains are interred there in the college of St Isidore’s, which he founded. Then there’s Ash Wednesday, the first day of Lent, and 40 days of fasting. It is also a feast day i… (20 February 1931). [7][8][10][11] The Saint Patrick's Day custom of "drowning the shamrock" or "wetting the shamrock" was historically popular, especially in Ireland. [121][122], Glasgow has a considerably large Irish population; due, for the most part, to the Irish immigration during the 19th century. From then on it became an annual tradition of the Irish ambassador to the U.S. to present the Saint Patrick's Day shamrock to an official in the U.S. President's administration, although on some occasions the shamrock presentation was made by the Irish Taoiseach or Irish President to the U.S. President personally in Washington, such as when President Dwight D. Eisenhower met Taoiseach John A. Costello in 1956 and President Seán T. O'Kelly in 1959 or when President Ronald Reagan met Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald in 1986 and Taoiseach Charles J. Haughey in 1987. This was thanks to the Bank Holiday (Ireland) Act 1903, an act of the United Kingdom Parliament introduced by Irish Member of Parliament James O'Mara. Luke Wadding, a Franciscan scholar born in 1588 in Waterford, on the south coast of Ireland, was influential in ensuring that the anniversary of St Patrick's death became a feast day in the Catholic Church. The parade lasted just 23.4 metres and traveled between the village's two pubs. Who invented St Patrick’s Day? What is cancelled and what is going ahead on St Patrick's Day? Patrick's efforts against the druids were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove "snakes" out of Ireland, despite the fact that snakes were not known to inhabit the region. According to the Declaration, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland. prior to the 1916 Easter Rising, as representing "the scared emblem of Ireland's unconquered soul". One of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick's Day (French: le jour de la Saint-Patrick) parades in North America occurs each year in Montreal,[136] whose city flag includes a shamrock in its lower-right quadrant. [65], On St Patrick's Day 1916, the Irish Volunteers—an Irish nationalist paramilitary organisation—held parades throughout Ireland. St. Patrick - Patron Saint of Ireland. [175] While St Patrick's Day is no longer recognised as a public holiday, it continues to be celebrated across New Zealand with festivals and parades at weekends on or around the 17th March. Religious symbols include snakes and serpents, as well as the Celtic cross. The annual event began in 1999, but ceased after five years when one of the two pubs closed. How does the 12-hour clock system work? [158][159] However, Brisbane’s St Patrick’s Day parade, which was cancelled at the outbreak of World War II and wasn't revived until 1990,[160] was not called off in 2020 as precaution for the COVID-19 pandemic, in contrast to many other St Patrick's Day parades around the world. [40][41] In the story Goídel Glas, who was the son of Scota and Niul, was bitten by a snake and was saved from death by Moses placing his staff on the snakebite. In 1999, when the Maple Leafs played on St Patrick's Day, they wore green St Patrick's retro uniforms. [98], While some Saint Patrick's Day celebrations could be conducted openly in Britain pre 1960s, this would change following the commencement by the IRA's bombing campaign on mainland Britain and as a consequence this resulted in a suspicion of all things Irish and those who supported them which led to people of Irish descent wearing a sprig of shamrock on Saint Patrick's day in private or attending specific events. [103] This has led to a long-standing celebration on St Patrick's Day in terms of music, cultural events and the parade. You're probably not surprised to learn that St. Patrick's Day hasn't always been a raucous affair, celebrated with huge parades and green beer. In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many triple deities, a fact that may have aided St Patrick in his evangelisation efforts. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. However, it is thought that there have been no snakes in Ireland since the last ice age. [161], The first mention of St Patrick's Day being celebrated in Australia was in 1795, when Irish convicts and administrators, Catholic and Protestant, in the penal colony came together to celebrate the day as a national holiday, despite a ban against assemblies being in place at the time. Ireland’s other patron saints are St Brigid and St Columba. In later times, he became more and more widely seen as the patron of Ireland. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the basis for civil time today. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest. Cultural and religious holiday celebrated on 17 March, Saint Patrick depicted in a stained-glass window at Saint Benin's Church, Ireland. While female royals are often tasked with presenting the bowls of shamrock, male royals have also undertaking the role, such as King George VI in 1950 to mark the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Irish Guards, and in 2016 the Duke of Cambridge in place of his wife. [42] This is emphasized in his name Goídel which was anglicised to the word Gaelic and Glas which is the Irish word for green. [7][8][10][11], Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland,[12] Northern Ireland,[13] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat. Saint Patrick is said to have used the shamrock, a three-leaved plant, to explain the Holy Trinity to the pagan Irish. [130][131][132] Her performance was later included in a track called "The Chieftains in Orbit" on the group's album, Voice of Ages. Therefore traffic and parking may be temporarily affected in streets and public areas where parades are held in towns and cities. Saint Patrick's parades are now held in many locations across Japan. We love shamrocks, the … Continue reading "St. Patrick’s Day Feast" The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted "thousands". St. Patrick’s Day Feast. Kelly, Fiach, Wall, Martin, & Cullen, Paul (9 March 2020). The most common St Patrick's Day symbol is the shamrock. It is then drunk as a toast to Saint Patrick, Ireland, or those present. ", "The Americanization of St. Patrick's Day", How St Patrick’s Day Celebrations Went Global, St Patrick's Day Exodus to See Ministers Travel to 35 Countries, A Short History of Taoisigh Visiting the White House on St Patrick’s Day, St. Patrick’s Day and Irish Heritage in American History, President Reagan’s Bowl of Shamrock and the 1,500-Year Wake, White House shamrock ceremony, New York parade cancelled, White House shamrock ceremony and St Patrick’s Day parades cancelled, "James Connolly’s ‘Green Flag of Ireland'", "Star of the 'Emerald Isle' – An Irishman's Diary on William Drennan", "How did Ireland come to be called the Emerald Isle? Some argue that the festivities have become too commercialised and tacky,[178][179] and have strayed from their original purpose of honouring St Patrick and Irish heritage. This virtual St. Patrick’s Day celebration includes a festive cocktail kit for adults and exclusive access to an Irish-cooking and cocktail demo hosted by Feast Publisher Cat Neville and local As well as Dublin, many other cities, towns, and villages in Ireland hold their own parades and festivals, including Cork, Belfast, Derry, Galway, Kilkenny, Limerick, and Waterford. The week of St Patrick's Day 1903 had been declared Irish Language Week by the Gaelic League and in Waterford they opted to have a procession on Sunday 15 March. [60] St Patrick's Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160. [69] The celebrations remained low-key after the creation of the Irish Free State; the only state-organized observance was a military procession and trooping of the colours, and an Irish-language mass attended by government ministers. It was not St. Patrick who brought the faith firstly to Ireland. [141], The Saint Patrick's Battalion is honored in Mexico on Saint Patrick's Day. The church calendar avoids the observance of saints' feasts during certain solemnities, moving the saint's day to a time outside those periods. [150][151][152] Festivals and parades are often held on weekends around the 17th March in cities such as Sydney,[153] Brisbane,[154] Adelaide,[155] and Melbourne. The holiday in Montserrat also commemorates a failed slave uprising that occurred on 17 March 1768. [72] On three occasions, parades across the Republic of Ireland have been cancelled from taking place on St Patrick's Day, with all years involving health and safety reasons. Government considering an extra long weekend", Remembering the Homeland: St Patrick's Day Celebrations in New Zealand to 1910, "St Patrick's Day celebrations underway in Auckland", "Best places to celebrate St Patrick's Day in New Zealand and around the world", "Time to banish perpetually offended elements in society", "St Patrick's Day celebrates the role of all US migrants", "Irish-American Catholics negotiate St. Patrick's Day and Holy Week conflict", "Please, let's keep political correctness out of Saint Patrick's Day", "St Patrick's Day – when everyone's proud to be a stereotype", "O'Done with It: Irish Americans protest 'negative stereotyping' as bawdy drunks", "Gay Groups to March in St. Patrick's Day Parade as Ban Falls", "Gays Scoff at NY St. Patrick's Day Parade Decision", "Boston Sees Historic St. Patrick's Day Parade", Ireland will chase a Grand Slam at Twickenham on St Patrick's Day after claiming Six Nations title in Dublin, 'On St Patrick's Day and After Cheltenham – This is the Icing on the Cake' – Ireland Rugby Fans Paint London Green. On this "While we cannot gather on the streets for the St Patrick’s Festival Parade this March 17th, we are reimagining how we bring to life the heart and soul of the national parade, through spectacle, marching bands, pageantry and ceremony, inviting our audiences to participate virtually and enjoy safely from their homes until we can come together again." Homily for March 17th - St. Patrick’s Day. … St. Patrick's Day 2021 falls on Wednesday, March 17. [123] Due to this large Irish population, there are many Irish-themed pubs and Irish interest groups who hold yearly celebrations on Saint Patrick's day in Glasgow. [46] However, when the Order of St. Patrick—an Anglo-Irish chivalric order—was founded in 1783 it adopted blue as its colour, which led to blue being associated with St Patrick. Valentine’s Day and Pancake Tuesday are two days of feasting. Celebrations include prominent displays of the colour green, religious observances, numerous parades, and copious consumption of alcohol. The influence of green was more prominently observable in the flags of the 1916 Easter Rising such as the Sunburst flag, the Starry Plough Banner, and the Proclamation Flag of the Irish Republic which was flown over the General Post Office, Dublin together with the Irish Tricolour. Traditionally, guests also contribute with beverages and dress in green. [73][74] In 2001, as a precaution to the foot-and-mouth outbreak, St Patrick's Day celebrations were postponed to May[75][76][77] and in 2020 and 2021, as a consequence to the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, the St Patrick's Day Parade was cancelled outright. Irish Traditions: Celebrating St. Patrick's Day in Ireland - Holidappy … Other Irish-related symbols seen on St Patrick’s Day include the harp, which was used in Ireland for centuries, as well as a mythological creature known as the leprechaun and a pot of gold that the leprechaun keeps hidden. He grew up in Roman Britain, but was captured by Irish raiders and taken to Ireland as a slave when he was a young adult. Is midnight 12 am or 12 pm? Shortly after the JP Collins Celtic Festival is an Irish festival celebrating Saint John's Irish heritage. [107][108] Thousands of Maltese attend the celebrations, which are more associated with drinking beer than traditional Irish culture. The first St Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. The organisers describe it as the third biggest parade in the world after Dublin and New York.[102]. As the feast day of Saint Patrick, it was and still is a holy day in Christianity. [44] The Friendly Brothers of St Patrick, an Irish fraternity founded in about 1750,[45] adopted green as its colour. [68] The following month, the Irish Volunteers launched the Easter Rising against British rule. St. Patrick's Festival Ireland Today at 5:10 AM Today is the feast day of the lesser-known Irish holy woman - Lí Ban, Ireland’s Mermaid Saint ☘️ ♀️ Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for Saint Patrick's Day, and resembled a Leprechaun's hat. [162] The organisers of the St Patrick's festivities in the past were, more often than not, the Catholic clergy[165] which often courted controversy. In 1854, Pope Pius IX infallibly declared that Mary was free of original sin from the first moment of her conception. Irish potato champ, also known as poundies, cally or pandy. Glasgow has held a yearly Saint Patrick's Day parade and festival since 2007. The Quebec City St-Patrick Parade returned in 2010 after more than 84 years. Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland),[6] the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church. [172][173][174] Auckland attracted many Irish migrants in the 1850s and 1860s, and it was here where some of the earliest St Patrick's Day celebrations took place, which often entailed the hosting of community picnics. More effort is made to use the Irish language, especially in Ireland, where the week of Saint Patrick's Day is "Irish language week". The shamrock would either be swallowed with the drink or taken out and tossed over the shoulder for good luck. At the end of the celebrations, a shamrock is put into the bottom of a cup, which is then filled with whiskey, beer, or cider. St. Patrick, (flourished 5th century, Britain and Ireland; feast day The Southern Cross. This is in large part due to the number of Irish worldwide bringing their culture with them on their travels and passing it down the generations in the countries they settle in. The week around St Patrick's Day usually involves Irish language speakers using more Irish during Seachtain na Gaeilge ("Irish Language Week"). To project, internationally, an accurate image of Ireland as a creative, professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal. Saint Patrick's Day thus became a holy day of obligationfor Roman Catholics in Ireland. In Saint John, New Brunswick Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated as a week-long celebration. [157] In Sydney the parade and family day was cancelled in 2016 due to financial problems. [91], Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of St Patrick's Day. Start the festivities with a traditional breakfast, and then choose from a selection of quintessential Irish main and side dishes as well as desserts. This happened in 1940, when Saint Patrick's Day was observed on 3 April to avoid it coinciding with Palm Sunday, and again in 2008, where it was officially observed on 15 March. Now, I really enjoy taking the time out of the nearest weekend to make a … Attack on Union Jack: St Patrick's Day Incident: Two Men Before the Court. Saint Patrick's feast day, as a kind of national day, was already being celebrated by the Irish in Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries. Tommy Lane. [127] The first parade, in Tokyo, was organised by The Irish Network Japan (INJ) in 1992. [137], In 2004, the CelticFest Vancouver Society organised its first yearly festival in downtown Vancouver to celebrate the Celtic Nations and their cultures. [148] Neither the Catholic Church nor the Irish community, the fifth largest in the world outside Ireland,[149] take part in the organisation of the parties. Though the pandemic will surely affect how the Irish holiday is celebrated, St. Patrick's Day is historically observed through a number of traditions. Traditionally, St. Patrick’s Day takes place on 17 March each year. [113], In 2017, the Russian Orthodox Church added the feast day of Saint Patrick to its liturgical calendar, to be celebrated on 30 March [O.S. Manchester hosts a two-week Irish festival in the weeks prior to Saint Patrick's Day. In Manitoba, the Irish Association of Manitoba runs a yearly three-day festival of music and culture based around St Patrick's Day. Who was Saint Patrick and why do we celebrate St. Patrick’s Day? This marked the beginning of the Irish revolutionary period and led to the Irish War of Independence and Civil War. It is on Station Island in Lough Derg in County Donegal where St Patrick had a vision promising that all who came to the sanctuary in penitence and faith would receive a pardon for their sins. [10] The holiday has been celebrated in what is now the U.S since 1601. [53][54][55] Throughout these centuries, the colour green and its association with St Patrick's Day grew. Montserrat is one of three places where Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday, along with Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland & Labrador. [78][79][80][81] Organisers of the St Patrick's Day Festival 2021 will instead host virtual events around Ireland on their SPF TV online channel. The biggest celebrations outside the cities are in Downpatrick, County Down, where Saint Patrick is said to be buried. For instance, Melbourne's 2006 and 2007 St Patrick's Day festivals and parades were cancelled due to sporting events (Commonwealth Games and Australian Grand Prix) being booked on and around the planned St Patrick's Day festivals and parades in the city. Lucia of Syracuse, also known as Saint Lucy, or Saint Lucia (Italian: Santa Lucia), was a young Christian martyr. Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis, Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston, All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship, All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship, major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada, "One Irish creative agency is leading the charge against 'St. [26][27] The most prominent of these is the visit of the Irish Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister) with the U.S. President which happens on or around Saint Patrick's Day. In Buenos Aires, a party is held in the downtown street of Reconquista, where there are several Irish pubs;[146][147] in 2006, there were 50,000 people in this street and the pubs nearby. Parties featuring Irish food and drinks that are dyed in green food color are part of this celebration. National St Patrick's Day parade cancelled for second year in a row, St Patrick's Festival Dublin parade cancelled for second year, St Patrick’s Day parade cancelled for second year in a row due to Covid-19, Covid-19: St Patrick's Day Dublin parade cancelled for second year, "St. Patrick's Festival was established by the Government of Ireland in November 1995", "Seachtain na Gaeilge", Dublin City Council, "More piety, fewer pints 'best way to celebrate, The Duchess of Cambridge to Present Shamrocks for St. Patrick’s Day, Duchess of Cambridge Presents St Patrick's Day Shamrocks to Irish Guards, The Duke of Cambridge Joins the Irish Guards at the St Patrick´s Day Parade, Prince William Handed Out Shamrocks at the St Patricks Day Parade as Kate Broke with Tradition, "Brigitte Winsor: Photographs of the St Patrick's Day Parade", "Irish Immigration to and from Liverpool (UK)", "St Patrick's Day in Malta – how it started, and where it's going", "Thousands take to the street of St Julian's for St Patrick's Day celebrations", "Finally: A Fresh Take On St. Patrick's Day Celebrations Is Coming To Malta", "More than 20,000 people expected to celebrate St Patrick's Day in St Julian's", "Thousands flock to St Julian's to celebrate St Patrick's feast", "St. Patty's Day: Not just green beer – but some of that, too", "В месяцеслов Русской Православной Церкви включены имена древних святых, подвизавшихся в западных странах", "Pripremljen bogat program za ovogodišnji Sarajevo Irish Festival", "Conor Horgan: Film o Panti Bliss je o tome kako lično jeste političko", "Večeras otvaranje Sarajevo Irish Festivala", "Irish emigration to Scotland in the 19th and 20th centuries – Settlement of the Irish", "St Patrick's Day in Coatbridge, Scotland", "Welcome to the Glasgow St. Patrick's Festival 2018 Website", "St. Patrick's Eve Celebrations 2012 in Zürich", "Švento Patriko dieną Vilnelė vėl nusidažys žaliai", "Saint Patrick's Day Parades & Events in Japan", "Saint Patrick's Day in Korea Event Page", "Irish Astronaut in Space Gives St. Patrick's Day Musical Flair", "Molloy's flute to help Irish music breach the final frontier", "Chieftains' call-up to an army of indie admirers", "Out of this world rendition of Danny Boy marks St Patrick's Day in space", "Astronaut Chris Hadfield singing "Danny Boy" on the International Space Station", "Montreal celebrates 191st St. Patrick's Day parade Sunday", "St. Patrick's Day Parades in Nineteenth-Century Toronto: A Study of Immigrant Adjustment and Elite Control", "Calgary Tower gets full green bulb treatment", "Mexico Honors Irish Soldiers On St. Patrick's Day-The "San Patricios, "Crowds gather for St. Patrick's Day celebrations downtown", http://totallystaugustine.com/first-u-s-st-patricks-celebration-held-in-st-augustine-florida-in-1600/, "St. Patrick's Day Parade Is Postponed in New York Over Coronavirus Concerns", St Patrick's Day in Australia: Latest News, The best St Patrick's day events in Australia 2019, "St Patrick's day celebrations to turn Moore Park into the 'green quarter, "St Patrick's Day parade patron honoured at Brisbane festivities", "St Patrick's Day takes to Adelaide Oval for the first time since 1967, with celebrations at southern end of stadium", "2019 Saint Patrick's Day 2018: Where to celebrate in Melbourne", "Why there will be no St Patrick's Day Rising: Burden of debt on the centenary of the Easter Rising forces cancellation of St Patrick's Day parade", "Irish eyes not smiling: St Patrick's Day parade cancelled in Sydney", "Grand parade to be sure, when St Patrick's Day falls on a Saturday", "Coronavirus fears won't rain on Brisbane St Patrick's Day parade", "Divided Melbourne: When Archbishop turned St Patrick's Day into Propaganda", An Illusion of Unity: Irish Australia, the Great War and the 1920 St Patrick’s Day Parade, In the Herald : March 21, 1921: Union Jack forced on St Patrick’s Day, St Patrick's Day: Scenes in Melbourne: Union Jack Hooted: Speech by Bishop Phelan.
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