Oktober 1891 in San Cristóbal; † 30. The great Negro league star Satchel Paige pitched for Los Dragones of Ciudad Trujillo, a team organized by Trujillo. [41], In 1947 Dominican exiles, including Juan Bosch, had concentrated in Cuba. This article is about Rafael L. Trujillo, former president of the Dominican Republic. Post. US involvement appears to go deeper than supplying weapons. ...read more. [69], An internal CIA memorandum states that a 1973 Office of Inspector General investigation into the murder disclosed "quite extensive Agency involvement with the plotters." With the approval and support of Cuba's government, led by Ramón Grau, an expeditionary force was trained with the intention of invading the Dominican Republic and overthrowing Trujillo. Towards the end of his rule, his relationship with the United States deteriorated. Directed by René Fortunato. Rafael Leónidas Trujillo era comandante de la Guardia Nacional, un cuerpo militar creado por los Estados Unidos para preservar sus intereses en la isla. Trujillo's war-based military complex, most notably its air capability, kept neighboring Haiti in a near-constant state of tension. Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina Molina (San Cristóbal, 24 de outubro de 1891 — Santo Domingo, 30 de maio de 1961), foi o ditador [1] da República Dominicana entre 1930 e 1961, quando foi assassinado. [65] Under the cover of the American Sucrose Company and the Paint Company of America, Vidal had teamed up with an American, Joel David Kaplan, to operate as arms merchants for the CIA.[65]. One person in the auto was killed, and Betancourt suffered severe burns to his hands.[45]. When it became apparent that the army would allow only Trujillo to campaign unhindered, the other candidates pulled out. A talented student and athlete, Kennedy graduated from Harvard College in 1938. Early on, Trujillo determined that Dominican financial affairs had to be put in order, and that included ending the United States's role as collector of Dominican customs—a situation that had existed since 1907 and was confirmed in a 1924 convention signed at the end of the occupation. ​ ​ [10] His father was José Trujillo Valdez, the son of Silveria Valdez Méndez of colonial Dominican origin and José Trujillo Monagas, a Spanish sergeant who arrived in Santo Domingo as a member of the Spanish reinforcement troops during the annexation era. During the U.S. occupation of the Dominican Republic from 1916 to 1924, Trujillo joined the Constabulary Guard and was trained by U.S. Marines. Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State (Bowles) NOTES ON CRISIS INVOLVING THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC", CIA "Family Jewels" Memo, 1973 (see page 434), Family Jewels (Central Intelligence Agency), The CIA, the JM Kaplan Fund & a 1971 Prison Breakout in Mexico, "The Strange Case of the Non-Criminal Jail Break", "GENERALISIMO E.N., RAFAEL LEONIDAS TRUJILLO MOLINA (9), Institutions as Signals: How Dictators Consolidate Power in Times of Crisis, Interview with General Rafael Trujillo (1961), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Trujillo&oldid=1006619365, Assassinated Dominican Republic politicians, Deaths by firearm in the Dominican Republic, Dominican Republic people of Canarian descent, Dominican Republic people of French descent, Dominican Republic people of Haitian descent, Dominican Republic people of Spanish descent, Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, People from San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Articles needing additional references from May 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Under pressure from Washington, Trujillo agreed to a reparation settlement in January 1938 of US$750,000. "anyone of African descent found incapable of pronouncing correctly, that is, to the complete satisfaction of the sadistic examiners, became a condemned individual. Connu sous le nom de «Petit César des Caraïbes», on se souvient de lui comme l'un des dictateurs … His confidence that, as one historian put it, “the government possessed big answers to big problems” ...read more, The Great Society was an ambitious series of policy initiatives, legislation and programs spearheaded by President Lyndon B. Johnson with the main goals of ending poverty, reducing crime, abolishing inequality and improving the environment. In an area notorious for its dictators, Rafael Leónidas Trujillo ranks among the most infamous. In 1935, Ramfis, then aged 6, was promoted to general. and "Año Del Benefactor De La Patria" (Year of the Benefactor of the Nation). On that day, a plane with Dominican markings left Cuba and landed at the Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic. [46] This was coupled with an intense desire for money, which he recognized as a source of and support for power. [46], Trujillo was married three times and kept other women as mistresses. [24], Trujillo was eligible to run again in 1938, but, citing the United States example of two presidential terms, he stated, "I voluntarily, and against the wishes of my people, refuse re-election to the high office. Resenas Biograficas", "Meeting with President de Gaulle in France - John F. Kennedy", "Solitaria, en cementerio poco importante, está la tumba de Trujillo", "The Kaplans of the CIA - Approved For Release 2001/03/06 CIA-RDP84-00499R001000100003-2", "FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1961–1963, VOLUME XII, AMERICAN REPUBLICS 310. There, the remains were interred in the Cimetière du Père Lachaise on 14 August 1964, and six years later moved to Spain, to the Mingorrubio Cemetery in El Pardo on the north side of Madrid. [1] Ejerció la presidencia como generalísimo del ejército de 1930 a 1938 y de 1942 a 1952 y gobernó de forma indirecta de 1938 a 1942 y de 1952 a 1961, valiéndose de presidentes títeres. [50] [7] On 30 May 1961, Trujillo was assassinated by conspirators sponsored by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [46], He was popularly known as "El Jefe" ("The Chief") or "El Benefactor" ("The Benefactor") but was privately referred to as Chapitas ("Bottlecaps") because of his indiscriminate wearing of medals. On 30 March 1927, Trujillo married Bienvenida Ricardo Martínez, a girl from Monte Cristi and the daughter of Buenaventura Ricardo Heureaux. [22], In 1936, at the suggestion of Mario Fermín Cabral, the Congress of the Dominican Republic voted overwhelmingly to change the name of the capital from Santo Domingo to Ciudad Trujillo. This was coupled with an intense desire for money, which he recognized as a source of and support for power. Six years later he renamed the capital Cuidad Trujillo in his honor, along with thousands of other streets, monuments and landmarks throughout the country. After the murder of his father in 1960, returned to the Dominican Republic from Paris and took power for a few months later exiled in Spain. ThoughtCo. He maintained friendly relations with Franco of Spain, Perón of Argentina, and Somoza of Nicaragua. Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina (October 24, 1891-May 30, 1961) was a military general who seized power in the Dominican Republic and ruled the island from 1930 to 1961. Salt, sugar, tobacco, lumber, and the lottery were other industries that he or his family members dominated. Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina (San Cristóbal, 24 de octubre de 1891-Ciudad Trujillo, 30 de mayo de 1961) fue un dictador dominicano que gobernó la República Dominicana desde 1930 hasta su asesinato en 1961. Dominican children emulated Trujillo by constructing toy medals from bottle caps. Rafael Trujillo's rule is considered one of the most brutal periods in the history of the Dominican Republic. Before a definitive border had been established in 1936, disputes between the Dominican Republic and the neighboring country of Haiti had persisted for centuries. (Radhamés Leonidas Trujillo Martínez) 1 December 43: is born to Rafael Leonidas Trujillo y Molina and his third wife Maria Martinez Alba. Rafael Trujillo was born Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina to a middle-class family on October 24, 1891 in San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic. Oktober 1891 in San Cristóbal; † 30. [6] During his long rule, the Trujillo government extended its policy of state terrorism beyond national borders. Some Americans also participated. The nation's newspapers had praise for Trujillo as part of the front page, and license plates included slogans such as "¡Viva Trujillo!" [43], Castro made threats to overthrow Trujillo, who responded by increasing the budget for national defense. [38] In 1975, Joaquín Balaguer, the Dominican Republic's interim Foreign Minister at the time of the massacre, put the number of dead at 17,000. Less frequently he stayed at places he owned in Santiago de los Caballeros, Constanza, La Cumbre, San José de las Matas, and elsewhere. Trujillo encouraged diplomatic and economic ties with the United States, but his policies often caused friction with other nations of Latin America, especially Costa Rica and Venezuela. During World War II Trujillo sided with the Allies and declared war on Germany, Italy and Japan on 11 December 1941. https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/rafael-trujillo. The military uprising on 19 November of the Rebellion of the Pilots and the threat of American intervention set the final stage and ended the Trujillo regime. Up at four in the morning, he exercised, studied the newspaper, read many reports, and completed papers before breakfast. [citation needed], Trujillo and his family amassed enormous wealth. Trujillo was recommended for the Nobel Peace Prize by his admirers, but the committee declined the suggestion. Mixes by Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina (rafaeltrujillomolina). [citation needed], Negotiations started in 1936 and lasted four years. [31], Refugees from Europe broadened the Dominican Republic's tax base and added more whites to the predominantly mixed-race nation. "[70][67], Juan Bosch, the earlier recipient of CIA funding, was elected president of the Dominican Republic in 1962 and was deposed in 1963. [65] Vidal was the unofficial business agent of the Dominican Republic while Trujillo was in power. After Trujillo approved an assassination attempt on the Venezuelan President Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello, the Organization of American States and the United States blocked Trujillo's access to US sugar quota profits. Although his reputation became tarnished after reports of a massacre against an estimated 20,000 Haitians became public in 1937, it wasn’t until his failed assassination attempt on Venezuelan President Romulo Betancourt in 1960 that the Organization of American States (OAS) finally voted to sever relations with the brutal dictator. Chicago’s Richard Daley (1902-1976) was among the most famous big-city mayors of 20th century America. Known as La Masacre del Perejil in Spanish, the massacre was started by Trujillo in 1937. [68][67][65] Sacha Volman, treasurer of the IILR, was a CIA agent. [69] Quoting Bowles directly: The next morning I learned that in spite of the clear decision against having the dissident group request our assistance Dick Goodwin following the meeting sent a cable to CIA people in the Dominican Republic without checking with State or CIA; indeed, with the protest of the Department of State. [36] Lescot fled into exile in 1946 after demonstrations against him. With René Alfonso, Rafael Trujillo. Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina (/truːˈhiːjoʊ/ troo-HEE-yoh, Spanish: [rafaˈel leˈonidas tɾuˈxiɟ͡ʝo]; 24 October 1891 – 30 May 1961), nicknamed El Jefe (Spanish: [el ˈxefe], "The Chief" or "The Boss"), was a Dominican dictator who ruled the Dominican Republic from February 1930 until his assassination in May 1961. Opponents of the régime were mysteriously killed. [29] Some cases reached international notoriety such as the disappearance of Jesús de Galíndez and the murder of the Mirabal sisters, which further eroded Trujillo's critical support by the US government. Trujillo began to interfere more in the domestic affairs of neighboring countries. Family members also received positions within the government and the army, including one of Trujillo's sons who was made a colonel in the Dominican Army when he was only four years old. [20], Three-and-a-half weeks after Trujillo ascended to the presidency, the destructive Hurricane San Zenon hit Santo Domingo and left 2,000 dead. Meanwhile, underground resistance movements had arisen in opposition to the dictator since the 1940s, but they were often swiftly suppressed, as in the case of the three revolutionary Mirabal sisters who were brutally beaten and killed by Trujillo’s henchmen in a staged car accident in 1960. At the office by nine, he continued his work, and took lunch by noon. The United States and the Trujillo Dictatorship, 1933-1940: The High Price of Caribbean Stability. By the late 1950s, opposition to Trujillo's regime was building to a fever pitch. Carribean Studies. [25][40], In 1941, Lescot, who had received financial support from Trujillo, succeeded Vincent as President of Haiti. On 13 August 1913, Trujillo married Aminta Ledesma Lachapelle. [Note 4] In the countries of the Caribbean Basin alone, his dictatorship was concurrent, in whole or in part, with those in Cuba, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Venezuela, and Haiti. He maintained a penthouse at the Embajador Hotel in the capital. "[43] Only after paying US$3-4 million could Batista leave for Portugal, which had granted him a visa. [19] In a note to the State Department, American ambassador Charles Boyd Curtis wrote that Trujillo received far more votes than actual voters. Rafael Leónidas Trujillo. On May 30, 1961, however, Rafael Trujillo was ambushed while traveling in his car and gunned down by seven assassins, some of whom were members of his own armed forces. Rafael Trujillo Molina, né le 24 octobre 1891 à San Cristóbal et mort le 30 mai 1961 à Ciudad Trujillo, est un militaire et homme d'État dominicain qui fut à deux reprises le président de la République dominicaine (1930-1938 et 1942-1952). "[36] The border was poorly defined. But his practice of securing kickbacks on all public works contracts and monopolizing a vast array of lucrative industries ensured that the increase in economic prosperity was disproportionately distributed to his family, supporters and military personnel. For his associates, his actions towards them were unpredictable. Jésus de Galindez points out in the introduction of his book. In 1930, a group of rebels under the leadership of Rafael Estrella Urena planned to overthrow Dominican President Horacio Vasquez for disregarding the constitution by extending his presidential term. Trujillo was worth 800 million dollars (5.3 billion dollars today). The car was sent flying across the street. Trujillo expected that Lescot would be his puppet, but Lescot turned against him. [34], This diplomatic success gave Trujillo the occasion to launch a massive propaganda campaign that presented him as the savior of the nation. At the 1938 Évian Conference the Dominican Republic was the only country willing to accept many Jews and offered to accept up to 100,000 refugees on generous terms. The Trujillo era unfolded in a Hispanic Caribbean environment that was particularly fertile for dictatorial regimes. In 1962, the younger Kaplan was convicted of killing Vidal, in Mexico City. Notorious examples of Trujillo's reach abroad are the unsuccessful assassination attempt in Caracas against Venezuelan President Rómulo Betancourt (1960), the abduction and subsequent disappearance in New York City of the Spaniard Jesús Galíndez (1956), the murder of writer José Almoina in Mexico, also a Spaniard, and crimes committed against Cubans, Costa Ricans, Nicaraguans, and Puerto Ricans, as well as Americans. [citation needed], On Tuesday, 30 May 1961, Trujillo was shot and killed when his blue 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air was ambushed on a road outside the Dominican capital. He was the third of eleven children. Dictador del país como generalísimo del Ejército, gobernó primero desde 1930 hasta 1934 y de facto, hasta ser asesinado en 1961. They appeared alone on the ballot in the 1938 election. In the 1950s, the CIA gave José Figueres Ferrer money to publish a political journal, Combate and to found a left-wing school for Latin American opposition leaders. In 1933, and again in 1935, Trujillo met the Haitian President Sténio Vincent to settle the border issue. A law proclaimed that the Benefactor was also now the Restaurador de la independencia financiera de la Republica (Restorer of the Republic's financial independence).[35]. Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina was born on 24 October 1891 in San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic, into a lower-middle-class family. [30], Trujillo was known for his open-door policy, accepting Jewish refugees from Europe, Japanese migration during the 1930s, and exiles from Spain following its civil war. All Rights Reserved. Gold and silver commemorative coins were minted with his image. The CIA described its role in "changing" the government of the Dominican Republic "as a 'success' in that it assisted in moving the Dominican Republic from a totalitarian dictatorship to a Western-style democracy. After a walk, he continued to work until 7:30 pm. One year later, he transferred to the school of Broughton, where he became a pupil of Eugenio María de Hostos and remained there for the rest of his primary schooling. https://www.dominikano.com/Principal/Historia/trujillo.html Trujillo and his regime were responsible for many deaths, including between 5,000 and 67,000 Haitians in the infamous Parsley massacre. "[59] Imbert was the only one of the seven assassins who survived the manhunt. Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina fue un dictador dominicano que gobernó la República Dominicana desde 1930 hasta su asesinato en 1961. Brief appearance during a baseball game in Santo Domingo. [citation needed], In 1934, Trujillo, who had promoted himself to generalissimo of the army, was up for re-election. Ejerció la presidencia de la República Dominicana entre 1930 y 1938, y entre 1942 y 1952. Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina was the third of 11 children, born to working-class parents in San Cristobal, Dominican Republic, on October 24, 1891. Balaguer allowed Ramfis to leave the country and to relocate his father's body to Paris. In November 1961, Mexican police found a corpse they identified as Luis Melchior Vidal, Jr., godson of Trujillo. BBC. Trujillo secretly cut a deal with the rebel leader Rafael Estrella Ureña. His militar… Familia El tercero de los once hijos de Altagracia Julia Molina Chevalier y José Trujillo Valdez. Within months of taking over the presidency, the capital city of Santo Domingo was virtually destroyed and some 2,000 people were killed by a powerful hurricane that ripped through the Dominican Republic in early September. Trujillo's regime carried out racially motivated killings of thousands of Haitians and committed crimes in the United States, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Mexico. [13][14], In 1916, the United States occupied the Dominican Republic, which had threatened to default on foreign debts. Encounters typically lasted for one or two sessions, but he often kept favorites for longer terms. The History Channel website. 'I shot the cruellest dictator in the Americas.' Government employees were required by law to "donate" 10 percent of their salaries to the national treasury,[22][23] and there was strong pressure on adult citizens to join the party. Available from: Official results: 223,731 vs 1,883. de Galindez, p. 51. When Allen Dulles found this out the next morning, he withdrew the order. [67] He used the contacts with Bosch, Volman, and Figueres for a new purpose, as the United States moved to rally the Western Hemisphere against Cuba's Fidel Castro, Trujillo had become expendable. 80 Years On, Dominicans And Haitians Revisit Painful Memories Of Parsley Massacre. [23], Trujillo encouraged foreign investment in the Dominican Republic, particularly from Americans. [61], Trujillo's funeral was that of a statesman with the long procession ending in his hometown of San Cristóbal, where his body was first buried. Extravagant, tyrannical, and vain, the self-proclaimed Benefactor of the Fatherland, Rebuilder of the Financial Independence of the Republic, First Journalist, Chief Protector of the Dominican Working Class, and Genius of the Peace, A very hostile study of his regime is Albert C. Hicks, Blood in the Streets: The Life and Rule of Trujillo (1946). At six he was registered in the school of Juan Hilario Meriño. Trujillo's "central arch" was his instinct for power.

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