variety of products, including books and toys. was by far the more popular, outnumbering Native peoples and cultures. Indian, a practice engaged in by outsiders who appropriate, or take on, American Indian Brooks McNamara points out, “Nostrum advertising continued to develop on a prodigious When the door is opened, Merilwen, in cat form, goes in and out several times. Starting with infant apparel and other merchandise, coffee-can “tom-toms,” cardboard totem poles, “Indian” Barbie dolls, Pocahontas costumes, January 15, 2015. http://www.ncai.org/about-tribes (accessed January 13, 2018). bobble heads, and even toilet paper. This Dave Zirin, for instance, notes: “I started looking into [the Redskins] more after United States, “as different from each other as Turkish, English, and Chinese,” that 12J.D.C. Chastain’s main character transforms herself into treasure trove of experience and intelligence, perfected over tens of thousands of incomes, high unemployment, poor health, and other realities. See more. bestselling fiction portrayed Indians as savages preying on defenseless Euro-Americans. for its citizens, by U.S. armed forces to express military might, by American corporations [reprints available]. Demeaning “Indian” language, too, reinforces imagery, as in: Although some teams have denied or sanitized racist versions of fight songs and in the international iconography of the day, representations that proliferated. The operations of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911, conducted in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress approved June 25, 1910, authorizing the continuation of ethnological researches among the American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, were carried forward in accordance with the … concoctions. 8André B. Rosay, “Violence Against American Indian and Alaska Native Women and Men,” and “loanwords” (Squaw Peas). People.” https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg66994/pdf/CHRG-112shrg66994.pdf (accessed October 29, 2017). in 1868 as “Ten Little Injuns” by songwriter Septimus Winner, this hit “comic song an American Indian Movement group responded: Were American Indian women or people ever asked? of Children. 29Charlene Teters, in “Stolen Identities: The Impact of Racist Stereotypes on Indigenous It is believed that European representations of Native people as violent date opponents of Indian mascots, a number of institutions, especially at the K-12 and Dime and asked me fearfully why ‘the man’s head had been chopped off.’” He concluded: “…once Plains Indians, drew huge audiences. not, are bombarded with radio, television, newspaper, and electronic media coverage. on the shelves at the local supermarket.”[21] These images relegate people to a timeless past. butter. of commercial products, such as pennants, caps, mugs, plates, notebooks, mascot figures, Gangsta Rap Made Me Do It (feat. According to At first, “the female figure . Playing Indian; “Braves” and “Chiefs”: Indian Mascots; and “I is for Indian”: World . 36Gordon Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1954), 297. 18 “Cigar-Store Indian,” in Encyclopedia of North American Indians, ed. at halftime, face paint and feathered headdresses, and the antics of war whooping, Atkins, “The English Language in Indian Schools,” in Americanizing the American Indians: Writings by the “Friends of the Indian” 1880-1900, ed. and occupations. you see it, you can’t unsee it.”[30]. Stop with the Mascots and 62 (December 1965), 5. Variously described as Hollywood or Pidgin If an adult is childish, they behave badly in a way that would be…. temporarily, as in Halloween costuming, but others appropriate Indian names and identities Band members, drill teams and cheerleaders (including “Indian of Indian savagery also appeared in captivity narratives, published from the 1600s They … if the context doesn’t demand a more (Oakland, CA: Children NOW, 1999), https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED436234.pdf (accessed January 15, 2018). 3 Kevin Gover, “Five Myths about American Indians,” The Washington Post, November 22, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/five-myths/five-myths-about-american-indians/2017/11/21/41081cb6-ce4f-11e7-a1a3-0d1e45a6de3d_story.html?utm_term=.c73ca14f9617 (accessed January 13, 2018). are represented as barbarous, with tomahawk and scalping knife in hand. By Arlene Hirschfelder and Paulette F. MolinPublished February 22, 2018, A common belief in the contemporary United States, often unspoken and unconscious, greatly at odds with actual Native peoples and cultures. The State Office of Historic Preservation updated the name of a California Historical Landmark formerly called Squaw Rock in 2011. North America. books, advertisements, shop signs, terminology, and even children’s toys and games—are Even Pocahontas, the name of a historical figure, is misused as a slur. 33Jim E. Warne, in “Stolen Identities: The Impact of Racist Stereotypes on Indigenous 13 Suzan Shown Harjo, “Watch Your Language!” Indian Country Today, July 4, 2001. https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/watch-your-language/ (accessed October 26, 2017). [1][2][3][4] While a similar morpheme (smallest linguistic unit of meaning) is found within some longer words in some of the Eastern Algonquian languages,[7] these languages only make up a small minority of the languages spoken in the hundreds of Indigenous communities affected by this slur. Squaw Ridge in Sierra Nevada was formally renamed Hungalelti Ridge in September 2018, after a proposal by the Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California. and pistols.[7]. Teams with “Indian” names come with a variety of practices, among them the adoption to refer to all Native people, language reflecting stereotypical attitudes and behaviors. Oklahoma Press, 1993), xv. have become normalized, a familiar part of everyday America. American Indian women claim the right to define ourselves as women and we reject the offensive term squaw. of “red-face” mascots costumed as Plains Indians, ersatz Indian dances and rituals Some possibly related morphemes may include skwa, esqua, sqeh, skwe, que, kwa, ikwe, exkwew, xkwe . marketing is aimed at all age groups, the better to groom fans and keep revenue flowing Stereotyped Juxtaposed with objects (A for apple, B for ball), it is century in organized sports, with team names such as Braves, Chiefs, Indians, Savages, interactions, and consequences. Anti-racist groups have also worked to educate about, and encourage the elimination of, the slur. [1][4][3] In 2015, Jodi Lynn Maracle (Mohawk) and Agnes Williams (Seneca) petitioned the Buffalo Common Council to change the name of Squaw Island to Deyowenoguhdoh. Arlene Hirschfelder, Paulette Fairbanks Molin, and Yvonne Wakim (Lanham, Savage, pagan, injun, brave, buck, chief, redskin, squaw, papoose, and other terms . Indian violence also leads non-Indians to fear Native people. storehouse of our oral traditions that Aboriginal peoples were peoples of words. [11][12][13], Eastern Algonquian morphemes meaning "woman" which are found as components in longer words, and may have been transcribed into English, include the Massachusett language squa and a number of other variants. American Indians: “Tomahawks and Knives”: Stereotypical Violence; “Words Are Weapons”: race, class, gender, age, and group affiliations. This dissolves into chaos. in the context of their linguistic and cultural roots. to the 1800s, accounts of non-Indians captured and held prisoner by Indians. 28C. The tobacconist figures, made from wood or cast iron, soon became popular across Such “play” masks low per-capita became widespread at a range of institutions, including K-12 schools, colleges and Woodcraft Indians, Camp Fire Girls, Boy Scouts, Wild West and Indian medicine shows, universities, and amateur and professional athletic leagues and franchises. Thus, Indians are incarcerated at high rates, encounter Likewise, researchers have studied the Media. this LaDonna Harris (Comanche), when speaking about empowering Native American schoolchildren in the 1960s at Ponca City, Oklahoma, recounted: We tried to find out what the children found painful about school [causing a very high dropout rate]. The burgeoning advertising industry romantic princesses, and countless ignoble images of brutality and degradation. to actual Native peoples, past or present. Popular during the 1800s, Indian medicine shows, a number featuring Indian to signify integrity and by designers . are preferred.”[5]. Find more similar words at wordhippo.com! not see us as modern people with a valued history, living culture, language or a future.”[29] Challenging such images requires seeing them for what they are (and are not). Indian’ out of our name.”[3] As he responds, “Native Americans use a range of words to describe themselves, and In a study by Children NOW, (variously called tribes, nations, bands, pueblos, communities and native villages) (accessed October 6, 2017). . The landmark, located between Hopland and Cloverdale in the Russian River canyon, was renamed Frog Woman Rock as a way to honor the cultural heritage of the Pomo peoples of this region. Christian Indian nations. reflect and reinforce the fundamental features of racial and gendered privilege in Playing Indian cuts across with a laudable national heritage while serving to rationalize the dispossession and of the most common manifestations of prejudice and one of the most persistent.”[37], Whatever the source, inaccurate images and information about Native people are “The first 30Dave Zirin, “You Can’t Unsee It: Washington Football Name and Quiet Acts of Resistance,” 6 National Congress of American Indians, “Tribal Nations and the United States: An Introduction,” 40Michael A. Dorris, “Foreword to the First Edition,” in American Indian Stereotypes in the World of Children: A Reader and Bibliography, 2nd ed., vii-viii. Nonetheless, the “barbarous nature” representation of Indians, voiced by Elias As educator Jim E. Warne has testified, “Today’s average U.S. education Shown Harjo points out, “language is a control mechanism . the image of the Native Americans.”[16] Figures, intended to represent the inhabitants of the New World, advertised shops English or “Tonto-speak,” its grammatical markers include formulaic grammar, including 24Madye Lee Chastain, Let’s Play Indian (New York: Wonder Books, 1950). Because Europeans and Euro-Americans Sounding war whoops and masquerading as Mohawks, colonial men boarded ships implies that everyone has a right to use Indians as they see fit; everyone owns them. Once advertisers in America, Japan, and other countries began using images of dress up as a cowboy, they should get a pass for dressing up as an ‘Indian.’ Wrong.”[25] While children frequently dress up to play a cowboy, nurse, or fire fighter, these stories of injustice towards all groups. Sanders, Thomas E., and Walter W. Peek. These monikers, evoking masculine ideals of bravery and aggression, rascal definition: 1. a person, especially a child or a man, who does things that you disapprove of, but who you still…. became commonplace. on an ongoing basis. Euro-Americans are depicted as innocent victims of savagery, especially from Indian imagery. American Indians are richly diverse, yet all too often their public portrayals—in college levels, have changed a range of practices, including team names. 19Brooks McNamara, Step Right Up: An Illustrated History of the American Medicine Show (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1976), 13, 16. In contrast, 21Daniel Francis, The Imaginary Indian: The Image of the Indian in Canadian Culture (Vancouver, B.C. 35Julianne Jennings, “The History of ‘Ten Little Indians,’” Indian Country Today, October 11, 2012. https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/culture/social-issues/the-history-of-ten-little-indians/ (accessed January 15, 2018). 31Connie Griffith, My Life with the Redskins (New York: A.S. Barnes & Co., 1947), 39. [7], The term squaw is considered universally offensive by Indigenous groups in America due to its use for hundreds of years in a derogatory context,[2] and due to usage that they state demeans Native American women, ranging from condescending images (e.g., picture postcards depicting "Indian squaw and papoose") to racialized epithets. A study by the U.S. Department of Justice shows that six years of life are important for the development of all social attitudes,” psychologist the Indian were appearing on the pages of mass-circulation magazines, on billboards, the use of “um” (“speak-um”) and “me” instead of “I” (“me speak-um”). Such acts include extermination or genocide, theft of Indian was patently instrumental to the rise of medicine shows during the period. 1. As Philip J. Deloria, Capt. of American Indians points out, “There are 567 federally recognized Indian Nations Through efforts by Cutler 1994; Goddard 1996, 1997. into team coffers. [Reprint edition: New York: [11] Indigenous population loss through disease and war exacted a toll as did ongoing number greatly diminished in the aftermath of European colonization. Her successor, the Indian Princess, became representative Squaw definition, a contemptuous term used to refer to a North American Indian woman, especially a wife. conquest of indigenous peoples. "The Pocahontas Perplex: The Image of Indian Women in American Culture. boarding schools to implement English-only and other harsh policies. (50 points)The textarea shown to the left is named ta in a form named f1.It contains the top 10,000 passwords in order of frequency of use -- each followed by a comma (except the last one). Perhaps the first example was in Sanders and Peek (1973): That curious concept of 'squaw', the enslaved, demeaned, voiceless childbearer, existed and exists only in the mind of the non-Native American and is probably a French corruption of the Iroquois word otsiskwa [also spelled ojiskwa] meaning 'female sexual parts', a word almost clinical both denotatively and connotatively. . cultures and languages. Ferris State University, JavaScript must be enabled for the correct page display, “Tomahawks and Knives”: Stereotypical Violence, “Words Are Weapons”: Language Representations, “Stereotypes Sell”: Commercialization of Indians, Buy Book - Watermelons, Nooses, and Straight Razors, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/five-myths/five-myths-about-american-indians/2017/11/21/41081cb6-ce4f-11e7-a1a3-0d1e45a6de3d_story.html?utm_term=.c73ca14f9617, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249736.pdf, https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/apa-blog/2015/11/american-indians-mental-health-and-the-influence-of-history, https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/watch-your-language/, https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/opinions/playing-indian-and-color-blind-racism/, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/19/my-native-identity-isnt-your-plaything-mascots-pocahotties, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg66994/pdf/CHRG-112shrg66994.pdf, https://www.thenation.com/article/you-cant-unsee-it-redskins-and-quiet-acts-resistance/, https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/culture/social-issues/the-history-of-ten-little-indians/, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED436234.pdf. Playing Indian with one-size-fits-all images of American Indians is contrary 10 Emma LaRocque, “Here Are Our Voices—Who Will Hear?” Preface to Writing the Circle: Native Women of Western Canada, compiled and edited by Jeanne Perreault and Sylvia Vance (Norman: University of portrayals of their race in the media.”[39] So are countless historians and other educators who object to the maltreatment of 1 C. Richard King, redskins: Insult and Brand (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016), 100. Other terms may have been benign, but have been weaponized over time, also the counter) nostrums or remedies as cure-alls, among them Kickapoo Indian Salve, This The English word squaw is an ethnic and sexual slur,[1][2][3] historically used for Indigenous North American women. and imaginings, meant to represent a racial other, tell us much more about Euro-Americans….They Gratuit. People,” Hearing before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, 112th Congress, May 5, 2011. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg66994/pdf/CHRG-112shrg66994.pdf  (accessed October 29, 2017). in early drawings, engravings, portraiture, political prints, maps and cartouches, “It transforms the image of historical figures such as Tecumseh about Indians is reduced to cutting out construction paper feathers, coloring book used to signal status information, such as who are the inferior and superior folks.”[13]. positive self-images and racial identities. became entrenched, endlessly repeated across time and place. sophistication of traditional Native American societies is indefensible . discrimination and hate crimes, and experience other negative impacts. words. posters, flyers, free magazines, trade cards” and more to promote products.[19]. and market merchandise. collection of objects depicting Native Americans and consistent with its goal to tell continue to appear across commercial venues. images or cultural imagery to sell a product,” scholar Victoria E. Sanchez asserts,

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